Mordechai Vanunu

Mordechai Vanunu in the garden of St. George's Cathedral in Jerusalem. This picture was taken two days after his 21 April 2004 release from prison.

Mordechai Vanunu (Hebrew: מרדכי ואנונו‎; born 14 October 1954) is a former Israeli nuclear technician who, citing his opposition to weapons of mass destruction, revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986.[1][2] He was subsequently lured to Italy by a Mossad spy, where he was drugged and kidnapped by Israeli intelligence operatives.[1] He was transported to Israel and ultimately convicted in a trial that was held behind closed doors.[1] Regarded by peace activists as a hero for taking a stand against weapons proliferation, Vanunu has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize many times.[3][4]

Vanunu spent 18 years in prison, including more than 11 years in solitary confinement. Released from prison in 2004, he became subject to a broad array of restrictions on his speech and movement. Since then he has been briefly arrested several times for violations of those restrictions, including giving various interviews to foreign journalists and attempting to leave Israel. He says that he suffered "cruel and barbaric treatment" at the hands of Israeli authorities while imprisoned, and suggests that his treatment would have been different if he had been Jewish (Vanunu is a Christian convert from Judaism).[5]

In 2007, Vanunu was sentenced to six months in prison for violating terms of his parole. The sentence was considered unusual even by the prosecution who expected a suspended sentence. In response, Amnesty International issued a press release on 2 July 2007, stating that "The organisation considers Mordechai Vanunu to be a prisoner of conscience and calls for his immediate and unconditional release."[6] In May 2010, Vanunu was arrested and sentenced to three months in jail on suspicion that he met foreigners, violating conditions of his 2004 release from jail.

Vanunu has been characterized by some as a whistleblower[7][8] and by others as a traitor.[9][10][11][12] Daniel Ellsberg has referred to him as "the preeminent hero of the nuclear era".[13] In 2010, the British artist Richard Hamilton completed a painting based on the famous press photograph of Vanunu in transit after his kidnapping, with the information concerning his capture in Rome scrawled on his hand for the press outside.

Contents

Early and educational life

Vanunu was born in Marrakech, Morocco, to a Sephardi Jewish family; his father was a rabbi. In 1963, at the age of nine, he emigrated under the Law of Return with his parents and the first 4 of his 11 brothers and sisters to Israel. He studied in an ultra orthodox elementary school, and attended, but did not finish, a Bnei Akiva yeshiva high school.[14] Vanunu completed his three years of military service as a sapper in the IDF Combat Engineering Corps, with the rank of First Sergeant. After completing his service, Vanunu began working as a technician at the Negev Nuclear Research Center. Concurrently, he became a part-time geography and philosophy student at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.[14] At that time he became critical of many policies of the Israeli government, forming a group called "Campus" with four other Jewish students and five Arab students. Vanunu was also affiliated with a group called "Movement for the Advancement of Peace." In early 1980s Vanunu converted to Christianity from Judaism.[15]

Vanunu graduated from Ben-Gurion University in 1985 with a BA in Philosophy and Geography.[16]

Negev Nuclear Research Center

Vanunu's photograph of a Negev Nuclear Research Center glove box containing nuclear materials in a model bomb assembly, one of about 60 photographs he later gave to the British press.

Between 1976 and 1985, Vanunu was employed as a nuclear plant technician and shift manager at the Negev Nuclear Research Center, an Israeli facility used to develop and manufacture nuclear weapons,[14][17] located in the Negev Desert south of Dimona. Most worldwide intelligence agencies estimate that Israel developed nuclear weapons as early as the 1960s, but the country has intentionally maintained a "policy of deliberate ambiguity", neither acknowledging nor denying that it possesses the weapons. It was during his employment there that one of the left-wing groups in which Vanunu held membership protested against Israel's 1981 destruction of Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor, which was part of the supposed Iraqi nuclear weapons development programme. The Jerusalem Post stated that Vanunu took active part in these protests,[18] arguing that this showed that he was motivated by antipathy to Israel's policies in his later actions.

It is believed that at Dimona, Vanunu became increasingly troubled about the Israeli nuclear weapons programme on which he worked and possible Israeli nuclear strategies in the event of war. When he was laid off from Dimona in 1985, Vanunu left Israel. He arrived in Nepal and considered a conversion to Buddhism, later travelling to Burma and Thailand. In 1986, he travelled to Sydney, Australia. While there, Vanunu lived in a hostel in Kings Cross and worked in odd jobs, first as a hotel dishwasher and later as a taxi driver.

Vanunu began to attend the local church, St. John's, Darlinghurst. There he met the Reverend John McKnight, who worked with the homeless and drug addicts. Vanunu converted to Christianity and was baptized as John Crossman into the Anglican Church of Australia, making him further estranged from his family.

Disclosure, abduction and publication

On 5 October 1986, the British newspaper The Sunday Times ran the story on its front page under the headline: "Revealed: the secrets of Israel's nuclear arsenal."

While in Sydney, he met Peter Hounam, a journalist from The Sunday Times in London. In early September 1986, Vanunu flew to London with Hounam, and in violation of his non-disclosure agreement, revealed to The Sunday Times his knowledge of the Israeli nuclear programme, including photographs he had secretly taken at the Dimona site.

The Sunday Times was wary of being duped after having previously been embarrassed by the Hitler Diaries hoax. As a result, the newspaper insisted on verifying Vanunu's story with leading nuclear weapon experts, including former U.S. nuclear weapons designer Theodore Taylor and former British AWE engineer Frank Barnaby,[19] who agreed that Vanunu's story was factual and correct. Vanunu gave detailed descriptions of lithium-6 separation required for the production of tritium, an essential ingredient of fusion-boosted fission bombs. While both experts concluded that Israel might be making such single-stage boosted bombs, Vanunu, whose work experience was limited to material (not component) production, gave no specific evidence that Israel was making two-stage thermonuclear bombs, such as neutron bombs. Vanunu described the plutonium processing used, giving a production rate of about 30 kg per year, and stated that Israel used about 4 kg per weapon.[20][21] From this information it was possible to estimate that Israel had sufficient plutonium for about 150 nuclear weapons.[19]

Vanunu states in his letters that he intended to share the money received from the newspaper (for the information) with the Anglican Church of Australia. Apparently, frustrated by the delay while Hounam was completing his research, Vanunu approached a rival newspaper, the tabloid Sunday Mirror, whose owner was Robert Maxwell. In 1991, a self-described former Mossad officer or government translator named Ari Ben-Menashe alleged that Maxwell had tipped off the Mossad, possibly through British secret services, about Vanunu. It is also possible that they were alerted by enquiries made to Israelis or to the Israeli Embassy in London by Sunday Mirror journalists.

The Israeli government decided to detain Vanunu, but determined to avoid harming its good relationship with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and wanting to not risk confrontation with British Intelligence, determined Vanunu should be persuaded to leave UK territory under his own volition. Masquerading as an American tourist called "Cindy", Israeli Mossad agent Cheryl Bentov befriended Vanunu, and on 30 September persuaded him to fly to Rome with her on a holiday.[22] Once in Rome, Mossad agents drugged him and carried him to Israel on a freighter,[22] beginning what was to be more than a decade of solitary confinement in Israeli prisons.

On 5 October, the Sunday Times published the information it had revealed, and estimated that Israel had produced more than 100 nuclear warheads.[23]

In July 2004 Vanunu claimed in the London-based Al-Hayat newspaper that the state of Israel was complicit in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. He claimed there were “near-certain indications” Kennedy was assassinated in response to “pressure he exerted on Israel’s then head of government, David Ben-Gurion, to shed light on Dimona’s nuclear reactor". [24] [25] [26] [27]

Imprisonment

Vanunu revealed details of his detention by writing on his hand: "Vanunu M was hijacked in Rome. ITL. 30.9.86, 21:00. Came to Rome by fly BA504."

Vanunu was put on trial in Israel on charges of treason and espionage. The trial, held in secret, took place in the District Court in Jerusalem before Chief Justice Eliahu Noam and judges Zvi Tal and Shalom Brener. He was not permitted contact with the media but he wrote the details of his abduction (or "hijacking" as he put it) on the palm of his hand, and while being transported he held his hand against the van's window so that waiting journalists could get the information.

On 27 February 1988, the court sentenced him to 18 years' imprisonment from the date of his capture. The Israeli government refused to release the transcript of the court case until, after the threat of legal action, it agreed to let censored extracts be published in Yedioth Ahronoth, an Israeli newspaper, in late 1999.

The death penalty in Israel is restricted to special circumstances. In 2004, former Mossad director Shabtai Shavit told Reuters that the option of extrajudicial execution was considered in 1986, but rejected because "Jews don't do that to other Jews."[28]

The Israeli government kept him in near total isolation for more than 11 years, allegedly out of concern that he might reveal more Israeli nuclear secrets and because he was still bound by the contract that swore him to secrecy on the subject. While in prison, he refused psychiatric treatment. Surrounded by dozens of journalists and flanked by two of his brothers, he held an impromptu press conference, but refused to answer questions in Hebrew because of the suffering he said he sustained at the hands of the state of Israel. Vanunu said Israel's Mossad spy agency and the Shin Bet security services tried to rob him of his sanity by keeping him in solitary confinement. "You didn't succeed to break me, you didn't succeed to make me crazy," he said.[15]

Many critics argue that Vanunu had no additional information that would pose a real security threat to Israel, and that the Israeli government's real motivation is a desire to avoid political embarrassment and financial complications for itself and allies such as the United States. By not acknowledging possession of nuclear weapons, Israel avoids a US legal prohibition on funding countries which proliferate weapons of mass destruction. Such an admission would prevent Israel from receiving, as it does now, more than $3 billion each year in military and other aid from Washington.[29]

Ray Kidder, then a senior American nuclear scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has said:

“ On the basis of this research and my own professional experience, I am ready to challenge any official assertion that Mr. Vanunu possesses any technical nuclear information not already made public.[30] ”

His last appeal against his conviction, to the Supreme Court of Israel in 1990, failed.

While in prison, Vanunu says, he took part in small acts of rebellion, such as refusing to talk with the guards, reading only English-language newspapers, and watching only BBC television. "He is the most stubborn, principled, and tough person I have ever met," said his lawyer, Avigdor Feldman.

On 23 May 2010, Mordechai Vanunu was imprisoned for a three-month sentence.[31] Eleven days earlier, Amnesty International had released a press release following the announcement of this sentence: "If Mordechai Vanunu is imprisoned again, Amnesty International will declare him to be a prisoner of conscience and call for his immediate and unconditional release."[32]

Release, liberties restrictions and asylum applications

Vanunu was released from prison on 21 April 2004. He indicated a desire to completely dissociate himself from Israel, initially refusing to speak in Hebrew, and planning to move to Europe or the US[33] as soon as the Israeli government would permit him to do so. Shortly before his scheduled release, Vanunu remained defiant under interrogation by the security service, Shin Bet. In recordings of the interview made public after his release, he is heard saying "I am neither a traitor nor a spy, I only wanted the world to know what was happening." He also said, "We don't need a Jewish state. There needs to be a Palestinian state. Jews can, and have lived anywhere, so a Jewish State is not necessary."[34] "Vanunu is a difficult and complex person. He remains stubbornly, admirably uncompromisingly true to his principles, is willing to pay the price", said Ha'aretz newspaper in 2008.[35]

A number of prohibitions were placed upon Vanunu after his release from jail and are still in force, in particular:

Israeli authorities state that their reason of these forbiddances and liberties restrictions is fear of his spreading further state secrets and that he is still bound by his non-disclosure agreement. These stipulate that he must inform the authorities in advance about his place of residence, his movements between cities, and who he intends to meet.[36] While a court found in 2005 that he should be free to go to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, a year later further restrictions explicitly forbade him to visit either, reversing the court's initial decision.

Vanunu says that his knowledge is now outdated and he has nothing more he could possibly reveal that is not already widely known. Despite the stated restrictions Vanunu has given interviews to the foreign press since his release, including a live phone interview to BBC Radio Scotland.

On 22 April 2004, Vanunu asked the Norwegian government for a Norwegian passport and asylum in Norway for "humanitarian reasons," according to Norwegian news agencies. He also sent applications to other countries, and stated that he would accept asylum in any country because he fears for his life. Former conservative Norwegian Prime Minister Kåre Willoch asked the conservative government to give Vanunu asylum, and the University of Tromsø offered him a job. On 9 April 2008, it was revealed that Vanunu's request for asylum in Norway was rejected in 2004 by Erna Solberg, Minister of Local Government in the coalition government led by then Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik. While the Norwegian foreigner directorate (State Department) (UDI) had been prepared to grant Vanunu asylum, it was suddenly decided that the application could not be accepted because Vanunu had applied for it from outside of the borders of Norway. An unclassified document revealed that Solberg and the government considered that extracting Vanunu from Israel might be seen as an action against Israel and thereby unfitting the Norwegian government's tradition role as a friend of Israel and as a political player in the Middle East. Since the information has been revealed, Solberg has rejected criticism and defended her decision.[37][38][39]

Vanunu's application for asylum in Sweden has also been rejected on the grounds that Sweden, like Norway does not accept absentee asylum applications. He also unsuccessfully requested asylum in the Republic of Ireland, which would require him to first be allowed to leave Israel. He has not applied for asylum in his native Morocco.

In 2006, Amnesty International's British branch chief, Keith Allen, wrote that Microsoft handed over the details of Vanunu's Hotmail email account by alluding that he was being investigated for espionage. This happened before a court order had been obtained.[40]

International calls for his freedom of movement and freedom of speech made by organizations supporting Vanunu have been either ignored or rejected by Israel.

On 15 May 2008, the "Norwegian Lawyer's Petition for Vanunu" was released, signed by 24 Norwegian attorneys. It calls on the Norwegian government to urgently implement a three-point action plan "within the framework of international and Norwegian law" and allow Vanunu to travel to, live and work in Norway.

Arrests and hearings

According to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz "Vanunu's harassment by the Israeli government is unprecedented and represents a distortion of every accepted legal norm."[35]

Vanunu was denied parole at a hearing in May 1998.[41] Five years later, parole was again refused. At this parole hearing, Vanunu's lawyer Avigdor Feldman maintained that his client had no more secrets and should be freed. But the prosecution argued that the imminent war with Iraq would preclude his release. After the hearing Mr Feldman said:

"The prosecutor said that if Vanunu were released, the Americans would probably leave Iraq and go after Israel and Israel's nuclear weapons - which I found extremely ridiculous."

The real force blocking Vanunu's release who had been known only as "Y" was exposed in 2001 as Yehiyel Horev, the head of Mossad's nuclear and military secrets branch.[42] Following his release in 2004, Vanunu appeared in Israeli courts on numerous occasions on charges of having violated the terms of his release. He was arrested and detained for attempting to go to Bethlehem, on at least one occasion his room in St. George's Cathedral was raided by policemen and his belongings were confiscated.[43]

Awards and honours

Mordechai Vanunu in 2009.

Vanunu wrote the poem "I’m Your Spy" early during the first eleven and a half years he was held in strict isolation.[64]

Amnesty International described his treatment as constituting "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment [...] such as is prohibited by international law."

Vanunu received the Right Livelihood Award in 1987, and was given an honorary doctorate by the University of Tromsø in 2001. He was nominated by Joseph Rotblat for the Nobel Peace Prize every year from 1988 to 2004. In March 2009 Vanunu wrote to the Nobel Peace Prize Committee in Oslo:

"I am asking the committee to remove my name from the list for this year’s list of nominations. I cannot be part of a list of laureates that includes Shimon Peres, the President of Israel. He is the man who was behind all the Israeli atomic policy. Peres established and developed the atomic weapon program in Dimona in Israel..Peres was the man who ordered the kidnapping of me in Italy Rome, Sept. 30, 1986, and for the secret trial and sentencing of me as a spy and traitor for 18 years in isolation in prison in Israel. Until now he continues to oppose my freedom and release, in spite of my serving full sentence 18 years. From all these reasons I don’t want be nominated and will not accept this nomination. I say No to any nomination as long as I am not free, that is, as long as I am still forced to be in Israel.WHAT I WANT IS FREEDOM AND ONLY FREEDOM."[65]

In September 2004, artist and musician Yoko Ono gave Mordechai Vanunu a peace prize founded in her late husband, John Lennon’s memory.

In December 2004, he was elected by the students of the University of Glasgow to serve for three years as Rector.[66] On Friday 22 April 2005 he was formally installed in the post,[67] but could not carry out any of its functions as he was still confined to Israel. The The Herald newspaper launched a campaign for his release.

In 2005 he received the Peace Prize of the Norwegian People (Folkets fredspris). Previous recipients of this prize include Vytautas Landsbergis (1991), Alva Myrdal (1982), Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams.

On 24 February 2010, Nobel Institute Director Geir Lundestad announced that for the second year in a row, Mordechai Vanunu declined the honor of being nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Vanunu wrote, "What I want now, I need now, is freedom, passport, [not] awards."

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Myre, Greg (21 April 2004). "Israeli Who Revealed Nuclear Secrets Is Freed". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/21/international/middleeast/21CND-NUCL.html?scp=1&sq=Vanunu%20drugged&st=cse. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  2. ↑ "Suffered in Israeli jail, says Christian convert". Christian Century. 2004-05-18. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_10_121/ai_n6159160. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 
  3. ↑ Rothstein, Linda. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. May 1998. "Vanunu Sprung from Solitary", page 8.
  4. ↑ "Israeli nuclear 'power' exposed". BBC News. 16 March 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/2841377.stm. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  5. ↑ "Israeli nuclear spy released". CNN. 2004-04-21. http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/04/21/israel.vanunu/. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 
  6. ↑ "Israel: Israel: Mordechai Vanunu sentence clear violation of human rights". Amnesty International. 2 July 2007. http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGMDE150442007. 
  7. ↑ "Correspondent: Israel's Secret Weapon (transcript)". BBC. 17 March 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/17_03_2003.txt. 
  8. ↑ "Capturing nuclear whistle-blower was 'a lucky stroke,' agents recall". Ha'aretz. 12 November 2006. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. 
  9. ↑ "The meaning of Vanunu". Jewish World Review. 26 April 2004. http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0404/stephens_vanunu.php3. 
  10. ↑ "Vanunu: traitor or prisoner of conscience?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 April 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/21/1082530235940.html?from=storyrhs. 
  11. ↑ "Vanunu: Hero or traitor?". j.. 23 April 2004. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/22200/edition_id/448/format/html/displaystory.html. 
  12. ↑ "Vanunu 'wanted to avert holocaust'". BBC. 29 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3758693.stm. 
  13. ↑ Commondreams.org
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Yossi Melman (25 April 2004). "Who's afraid of Mordechai Vanunu?". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=406179&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. Retrieved 2008-03-04. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Guardian.co.uk, "Vanunu released after 18 years", 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 28 July 2009.
  16. ↑ Fleming, Eileen (5 February 2007). Third Intifada/Uprising: NONVIOLENT But With Words Sharper Than A Two-Edged Sword - Memoirs of a Nice Irish American 'Girl's' Life in Occupied Territory. Outskirts Press. p. 104. ISBN 1432702548. 
  17. ↑ "Israel: Plutonium Production". The Risk Report (Wisconsin Project On Nuclear Arms Control) 2 (4). July-August 1996. http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/plut.html. Retrieved 2006-12-19. 
  18. ↑ "??? (Problem with this URL)". Jerusalem Post. ???. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull%26cid=1082438195598. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Frank Barnaby (14 June 2004). "Expert opinion of Frank Charles Barnaby in the matter of Mordechai Vanunu". http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/barnaby.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-16 
  20. ↑ "Focus: The secrets that shocked the world". London: The Sunday Times. 25 April 2004. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-1086956_1,00.html. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  21. ↑ Frank Barnaby (Autumn, 1987). "The Nuclear Arsenal in the Middle East" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies 17 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1525/jps.1987.17.1.00p0146h. http://armscontrolwonk.com/Barnaby.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-28. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Yossi Melman (21 April 2004). "Capturing nuclear whistle-blower was 'a lucky stroke,' agents recall". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. 
  23. ↑ Mordechai Vanunu: The Sunday Times articles
  24. ↑ PQASB.pqarchiver.com
  25. ↑ Arabnews.com
  26. ↑ English.Pravda.ru
  27. ↑ WND.com
  28. ↑ "Israeli nuclear whistleblower due to be released from jail (transcript from AM radio)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 February 2004. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2004/s1043340.htm. 
  29. ↑ Harding, Luke (13 December 2006). "Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1970963,00.html. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  30. ↑ "U.S. Expert: It's Safe to Release Vanunu". Nonviolence.org (from Ha'aretz). 26 January 2000. http://www.nonviolence.org/vanunu/archive2/jan26.html. 
  31. ↑ McCarthy, R. (2010-05-23). "Mordechai Vanunu jailed by Israeli court for unauthorised meetings". guardian.co.uk World news Web. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/23/israeli-nuclear-whistleblower-prison-sentence. "Mordechai Vanunu...was sent back to prison today for a new three-month sentence." 
  32. ↑ "Israeli government urged not to jail nuclear whistleblower again". Amnesty International. 2010-05-10. http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/israeli-government-urged-not-jail-nuclear-whistleblower-again-2010-05-12. 
  33. ↑ "Discussion with a Friend from JAKARTA (letter from Vanunu)". The Mordechai Vanunu Website. 13 January 2006. http://www.serve.com/vanunu/20060113jakarta.html. 
  34. ↑ "Vanunu defiant ahead of release". BBC. 2004-04-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3640989.stm. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Haaretz "It is time to free Vanunu." by Yossi Melman. 16 April 2008.
  36. ↑ "Israel extends Vanunu travel ban". BBC. 19 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4459371.stm. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Erna Solberg hindret Vanunu i å få asyl - VG Nett
  38. ↑ Vanunu: - Håper Norge angrer asyl-avslaget - VG Nett
  39. ↑ Vanunu-venner i harnisk - VG Nett
  40. ↑ Allen, Kate (28 May 2006). "Today, our chance to fight a new hi-tech tyranny". London: The Observer. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/amnesty/story/0,,1784718,00.html. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  41. ↑ "Vanunu denied parole". BBC. 4 May 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/87850.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  42. ↑ "Israeli nuclear 'power' exposed". BBC. 16 March 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/2841377.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  43. ↑ Sharrock, David (12 November 2004). "Israelis seize Vanunu inside cathedral". London: timesonline. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article390133.ece. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  44. ↑ "Bishop angry over Vanunu arrest". BBC. 11 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4003869.stm. 
  45. ↑ "Police keep Vanunu in Jerusalem". BBC. 25 December 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4124597.stm. 
  46. ↑ "Israel bars senior BBC producer". BBC. 26 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4208619.stm. 
  47. ↑ McGreal, Chris (12 March 2005). "BBC says sorry to Israel". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1435915,00.html. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  48. ↑ "Vanunu held after West Bank visit". BBC. 18 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4450004.stm. 
  49. ↑ Vanunu - update 26-Dec-2005 Mordechai Vanunu - update
  50. ↑ Vanunu convicted of violating order barring foreign contacts, Nir Hasson, Haaretz, 30 April 2007 (accessed 30 April 2007)
  51. ↑ Urquhart, Conal (3 July 2007). "Vanunu jailed again after talks with foreigners". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,2117087,00.html. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  52. ↑ "Vanunu to return to prison for violating the terms of his parole". Haaretz. 7 February 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/877367.html. 
  53. ↑ Vanunu to return to prison for violating the terms of his parole, Nir Hasson, Haaretz, 2 July 2007 (accessed 2 July 2007)
  54. ↑ Christmas Eve arrest
  55. ↑ The Vanunu Saga: 2008 By Eileen Fleming
  56. ↑ Vanunu's Fifth Year of Restrictions Begins and Norway Caves» OpEdNews
  57. ↑ On 13 May 2008 Vanunu wrote
  58. ↑ "Scottish government backs call to free Israeli nukes whistleblower". Mathaba News Network. 3 October 2008. http://www.mathaba.net/rss/?x=607806. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  59. ↑ The Ongoing NAKBA And Vanunu by Eileen Fleming
  60. ↑ A Sunday with Vanunu The Palestine Telegraph by Eileen Fleming June 16, 2009
  61. ↑ JTA.org
  62. ↑ Israeli nuclear technician Mordechai Vanunu jailed, BBC World News, 24 May 2010
  63. ↑ http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israeli-nuclear-whistleblower-returned-solitary-confinement-2010-06-18
  64. ↑ Vanunu.org. Fighting for a Secure Israel and a World Free of Nuclear Weapons. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
  65. ↑ "Vanunu Writes to the Nobel Peace Prize Committee: 'I cannot be part of a list of laureates that includes Shimon Peres'". thepeoplesvoice.org. 2 March 2009. http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/03/02/vanunu-writes-to-the-nobel-peace-prize-c. 
  66. ↑ "Vanunu elected university rector". BBC. 16 December 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4100119.stm. 
  67. ↑ "Formal installation of Mr Mordechai Vanunu as the 119th Rector of the University of Glasgow". University of Glasgow. 22 April 2005. http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/newsdesk/events/details.cfm?Event_Number=2146. 

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Preceded by
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2004–2008		 Succeeded by
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